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Creators/Authors contains: "Maris, Thierry"

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  1. [PdCl4]2− dianions are oriented within a crystal in such a way that a Cl of one unit approaches the Pd of another from directly above. Quantum calculations find this interaction to be highly repulsive with a large positive interaction energy. The placement of neutral ligands in their vicinity reduces the repulsion, but the interaction remains highly endothermic. When the ligands acquire a unit positive charge, the electrostatic component and the full interaction energy become quite negative, signalling an exothermic association. Raising the charge on these counterions to +2 has little further stabilizing effect, and in fact reduces the electrostatic attraction. The ability of the counterions to promote the interaction is attributed in part to the H-bonds which they form with both dianions, acting as a sort of glue. 
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  2. Inspection of the arrangement of tetrachloridopalladate( ii ) centers in a crystalline solid places the Cl of one [PdCl 4 ] 2− directly above the Pd center of its neighbor. A survey of the CSD provides 22 more examples of such MX 4 2− ⋯MX 4 2− complexes, with M being a Group 10 metal and X = Cl, Br, or I. Quantum calculations attribute this arrangement to a π-hole bond wherein Cl lone pairs of one unit transfer charge to vacant orbitals above the Pd center of its neighbor. The stabilizing effect of this bond must overcome the strong Coulombic repulsion between the two dianions, which is facilitated by a polarizable environment as would be present in a crystal, but much more so when the effects of the neighboring counterions are factored in. These conclusions are extended to other [MX 4 ] 2− homodimers, where M represents other members of Group 10, namely Ni and Pt. 
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